La espiritualidad en la niñez
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feb 24, 2021
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Resumen
Esta es una investigación cualitativa con un diseño etnográfico, de tipo exploratorio, dirigida a examinar los patrones de conducta y creencias compartidas de un grupo religioso. Los datos se obtuvieron a través de entrevistas cualitativas (entrevistas etnográficas y grupos focales) en las que se utilizaron una guía de preguntas. Las personas participantes fueron niños y niñas, de 10 a 11 años de edad; dieciocho en total. Además, se entrevistaron 20 progenitores a través de grupos focales. Todos los participantes pertenecían a la religión cristiana. El estudio reveló que la espiritualidad y la religión parecen interponerse en la conducta de los niños y las niñas para reducir, controlar y restaurar aquellos comportamientos que sus creencias les dictan como incorrectos. Las narrativas acerca de su vida espiritual permitió determinar que el pensamiento que tienen acerca de Dios es un ejercicio cognitivo, profundamente emocional, personal y social. Tienen vidas espirituales desarrolladas y conceptos de Dios que dirigen sus sentimientos y experiencias religiosas. Ostentan una comprensión espiritual sustentada por el pensamiento reflexivo y las interacciones familiares. Estos encuentran en su religión la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas de pertenencia, seguridad, autoestima, amor y justicia que permiten su autorrealización y auto-trascendencia cuando logran la comunión con lo sagrado o Dios. Los padres y las madres argumentaron que las creencias espirituales y religiosas son necesarias para criar apropiadamente a los hijos e hijas. Se sienten aventajados de los no religiosos porque cuentan con las enseñanzas de la Biblia, la dirección del Espíritu Santo y el respaldo de la iglesia.
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Cómo citar
Morales Alejandro, L. (2021). La espiritualidad en la niñez. Voces Desde El Trabajo Social, 8(1), 42-67. https://doi.org/10.31919/voces.v8i1.218
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Artículos
Citas
Abel, K. (2017). Children’s development of spirituality. https://www.familyeductaion.com/life/social-and-emotional-development/childrensdevelopment-spirituality
Abo-Zena, M., & Midgette, A. (2019). Developmental implications of children’s early religious and spiritual experiences in context: A sociocultural perspective. Religions, 10, 631. doi: 10.3390/rel10110631
Adams, K., Brendam, H., & Wooley, R. (2008). The spiritual dimension of childhood. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
American Ethical Union. (2020). Children’s programing. https://aeu.org/our-community/childrensprogramming/
Bader, C., & Desmond, S. (2006). Do as I say and as I do: The effects of consistent parental belief and behaviors upon religious transmission. Sociology of Religion, 63(3), 313-32.
Barnes, L., Plotnikoff, G., Fox, K., & Pendleton, S. (2000). Spirituality, religion, and pediatrics: Intersecting worlds of healing. Pediatrics, 106, 899-908. Doi:10.1542/peds.106.4.S1.899.
Barrett, J.,& Richert, R. (2003). Anthropomorphism or preparedness? Exploring children’s goad concepts. Review of Religious Research, 44, 300-312.
Bartkowski, J., Xu, X., & Levin, M. (2008). Religion and child development: Evidence from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study 1. Social Science Research, 37, 18-36.
Boyatzis, C., & Janicki, D. (2003). Parent-child communication about religion: Survey and diary data on unilateral transmission and bi-directional reciprocity styles. Review of Religious Research, 44(3), 252-270.
Boyatzis, C. (2012). Spiritual development during childhood and adolescence. En Lisa J. Miller (Ed.), Oxford handbook of psychology and spirituality (pp.155-164). Oxford University Press.
Boyatzis, C. (2005). Religious and spiritual development in childhood. En Raymond. F. Paloutzian, & Crystal L. Park (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 123-143). The Guilford Press.
Boyatzis, C., Dollahite, D., & Marks, L. (2006). The family as a context for religious and spiritual development in children and youth. En Eugene C. Roehlkepartain, Pamela Ebstyne King, Linda Wagener, & Peter L. Benson. (Eds.), The Handbook of Spiritual Development in Childhood and Adolescence (pp. 297-303). SAGE Press.
Brelsford, G., & Mahoney, A. (2008). Spiritual disclosure between older adolescents and their mothers. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(1), 62-70. Doi:10.1037/0893-3200.22.1.62
Burton, R. (2003). Spiritual pain: A brief overview and an initial response within the Christian tradition. The Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling, 57(4), 437-446.
Canda, E., & Furman, L. (2010). Spiritual Diversity in social work practice: The heart of helping. Oxford University Press.
Champagne, E. (2008). Living and dying: A window on (Christian) children’s spirituality. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 13, 253-263.
Coles, R. (1997). The moral intelligence of children: How to raise a moral child. A Plume Book.
Damphouse, K., & Crouch, B. (1992). Did the evil make them do it? An examination of the etiology of Satanism among juvenile delinquents. Youth and Society, 24, 204-227.
De Roos, S., Iedema, J., & Miedema, S. (2004). Influence of maternal denomination, God concepts, and child-rearing practices on young children’s God concepts. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 43(4), 519 53.
Ethical Culture Society of Westchester. (2020). Ethics for children. https://ethicalsocietywestchester.org/kids/
Granqvist, P., & Kirkpatrick, L. (2013). Religion, spirituality, and attachment. En K.Pargament, J. Exline, & J. Jones, (Eds.), Handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality: Context, theory, and research, (pp. 139- 155). American Psychological Association.
Hay, D., & Nye, R. (2006). The spirit of the child. Jessica Kingsley Publisher.
Hodge, D. (2015). Spiritual assessment in social work and mental practice. Columbia University Press.
Hugen, B. (2001). Introduction. En M.Hook, B. Hugen, & M.Aguilar, (Eds.), Spirituality within religious traditions in social work practice (pp. 1-5). Brooks/COLE.
Hutchinson, E. (2008). Dimensions of human behavior: Person and environment. Sage Publications, Inc.
Hyde, K. (1990). Religion in childhood and adolescence: A comprehensive review of the research. Religious Education Press.
Johnson, C., & Boyatzis, C. (2006). Cognitive-cultural foundations of spiritual development. En E.Roelkepartain, P.King, L.Wagener, & P. Benson, (Eds.), The handbook of spiritual development in childhood and adolescence. Sage Publications.
Kamper, R., Van Cleve, L., & Savedra, M. (2010). Children with advanced cancer: Responses to a spiritual quality of life interview. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 15, 301- 306. Doi:10.1111/j.1744-6155.2010.00253.x.
King, P., & Boyatzis, C. (2004). Exploring adolescent spiritual and religious development: Current and future theoretical and empirical perspectives. Applied Developmental Science, 8(2), 2-6.
Kliewer, W., Reid Quiñones, K., Zaharakis, N., & Worthington, E. (2014). Religion and spirituality, childhood. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4615-0195-4_125
Koenig, H. (2013). Spirituality in patient care: Why, how, when and what. Templeton Foundation Press.
Kvarfordt, C., & Sheridan, M. (2010). Predicting the Use of Spiritually-based Interventions with children and adolescents: Implications for social work practice. Currents: New Scholarship in the Human Services, 9(1), 1-30.
Lucca Irizarry, N., & Berríos Rivera, R. (2003). Investigación cualitativa en educación y las ciencias sociales. Publicaciones Puertorriqueñas.
Madge, N., & Hemming, P. (2017). Young Britich religious ‘nones’: Findings from the Youth on religious study. Journal of Youth Studies, 20(7), 872-888.65
Mahoney, A., Pargament, K., Murray-Swank, A., & Murray- Swank, N. (2003). Religion and the sanctification of family relationships. Review of Religious Research, 44(3), 220-236.
Manning, C. (2015). Losing our religion: How unaffiliated parents are raising their children. NYU Press.
McGowen, D. (2007). Introduction. En D. McGowen, (Ed.), Parenting beyond belief: On raising ethical, caring kids without religion. AMACOM.
Miller, L. (2015, October 1). What does it mean to raise a spiritual child?. Radio broadcast WBUR. https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2015/10/01/spiritual-children-lisa-miller
Moore, K., Talwar, V., & Gomez- Garibello, C. (2019). Children’s spirituality: Exploring spirituality in the lives of cancer survivors and healthy comparison group. Journal of Health Psychology. Doi:10.1177/1359105317737605.
Moore, K., Talwar, V., & Moxley- Haegert, L. (2015). Definitional ceremonies: Narrative practices for psychologists to inform interdisciplinary teams’ understanding of children’s spirituality in pediatric settings. Journal of Health Psychology, 20(3), 259-272.
Pargament, K., & Rye, M. (1998). Forgiveness as a method of religious coping. En E. Worthington Jr., (Ed.), Dimensions of forgiveness: Psychological research & theological perspectives (pp. 59-79). Templeton Foundation Press.
Pargament, K. (2007). The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, and practice. The Guilford Press.
Pargament, K. (2007). Spiritually integrated psychotherapy: Understanding and addressing the sacred. The Guilford Press.
Pendleton, ., Cavalli, K., Pargament, K., & Nasr, S. (2002). Religious/ spiritual coping in childhood cystic fibrosis: A qualitative study. Pediatrics, 109(1). https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/109/1/e8.full
Richert, R., & Granqvist, P. (2013). Religious and spiritual development in childhood. En R. Paloutzian, & C. Park, (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality, 2, 165-182. The Guilford Press.
Sasso, S. (2018). Children’s spirituality: An interview. Spirituality & practice resources for spiritual journey. https://www.spiritualityandpractice.com/books/features/view/15228/childrens-spirituality
Scott, D. (2003). Spirituality in child and youth care: Considering spiritual development and “relational consciousness”. Child & Youth Care Forum, 32(2), 117-130.
Abo-Zena, M., & Midgette, A. (2019). Developmental implications of children’s early religious and spiritual experiences in context: A sociocultural perspective. Religions, 10, 631. doi: 10.3390/rel10110631
Adams, K., Brendam, H., & Wooley, R. (2008). The spiritual dimension of childhood. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
American Ethical Union. (2020). Children’s programing. https://aeu.org/our-community/childrensprogramming/
Bader, C., & Desmond, S. (2006). Do as I say and as I do: The effects of consistent parental belief and behaviors upon religious transmission. Sociology of Religion, 63(3), 313-32.
Barnes, L., Plotnikoff, G., Fox, K., & Pendleton, S. (2000). Spirituality, religion, and pediatrics: Intersecting worlds of healing. Pediatrics, 106, 899-908. Doi:10.1542/peds.106.4.S1.899.
Barrett, J.,& Richert, R. (2003). Anthropomorphism or preparedness? Exploring children’s goad concepts. Review of Religious Research, 44, 300-312.
Bartkowski, J., Xu, X., & Levin, M. (2008). Religion and child development: Evidence from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study 1. Social Science Research, 37, 18-36.
Boyatzis, C., & Janicki, D. (2003). Parent-child communication about religion: Survey and diary data on unilateral transmission and bi-directional reciprocity styles. Review of Religious Research, 44(3), 252-270.
Boyatzis, C. (2012). Spiritual development during childhood and adolescence. En Lisa J. Miller (Ed.), Oxford handbook of psychology and spirituality (pp.155-164). Oxford University Press.
Boyatzis, C. (2005). Religious and spiritual development in childhood. En Raymond. F. Paloutzian, & Crystal L. Park (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 123-143). The Guilford Press.
Boyatzis, C., Dollahite, D., & Marks, L. (2006). The family as a context for religious and spiritual development in children and youth. En Eugene C. Roehlkepartain, Pamela Ebstyne King, Linda Wagener, & Peter L. Benson. (Eds.), The Handbook of Spiritual Development in Childhood and Adolescence (pp. 297-303). SAGE Press.
Brelsford, G., & Mahoney, A. (2008). Spiritual disclosure between older adolescents and their mothers. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(1), 62-70. Doi:10.1037/0893-3200.22.1.62
Burton, R. (2003). Spiritual pain: A brief overview and an initial response within the Christian tradition. The Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling, 57(4), 437-446.
Canda, E., & Furman, L. (2010). Spiritual Diversity in social work practice: The heart of helping. Oxford University Press.
Champagne, E. (2008). Living and dying: A window on (Christian) children’s spirituality. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 13, 253-263.
Coles, R. (1997). The moral intelligence of children: How to raise a moral child. A Plume Book.
Damphouse, K., & Crouch, B. (1992). Did the evil make them do it? An examination of the etiology of Satanism among juvenile delinquents. Youth and Society, 24, 204-227.
De Roos, S., Iedema, J., & Miedema, S. (2004). Influence of maternal denomination, God concepts, and child-rearing practices on young children’s God concepts. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 43(4), 519 53.
Ethical Culture Society of Westchester. (2020). Ethics for children. https://ethicalsocietywestchester.org/kids/
Granqvist, P., & Kirkpatrick, L. (2013). Religion, spirituality, and attachment. En K.Pargament, J. Exline, & J. Jones, (Eds.), Handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality: Context, theory, and research, (pp. 139- 155). American Psychological Association.
Hay, D., & Nye, R. (2006). The spirit of the child. Jessica Kingsley Publisher.
Hodge, D. (2015). Spiritual assessment in social work and mental practice. Columbia University Press.
Hugen, B. (2001). Introduction. En M.Hook, B. Hugen, & M.Aguilar, (Eds.), Spirituality within religious traditions in social work practice (pp. 1-5). Brooks/COLE.
Hutchinson, E. (2008). Dimensions of human behavior: Person and environment. Sage Publications, Inc.
Hyde, K. (1990). Religion in childhood and adolescence: A comprehensive review of the research. Religious Education Press.
Johnson, C., & Boyatzis, C. (2006). Cognitive-cultural foundations of spiritual development. En E.Roelkepartain, P.King, L.Wagener, & P. Benson, (Eds.), The handbook of spiritual development in childhood and adolescence. Sage Publications.
Kamper, R., Van Cleve, L., & Savedra, M. (2010). Children with advanced cancer: Responses to a spiritual quality of life interview. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 15, 301- 306. Doi:10.1111/j.1744-6155.2010.00253.x.
King, P., & Boyatzis, C. (2004). Exploring adolescent spiritual and religious development: Current and future theoretical and empirical perspectives. Applied Developmental Science, 8(2), 2-6.
Kliewer, W., Reid Quiñones, K., Zaharakis, N., & Worthington, E. (2014). Religion and spirituality, childhood. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4615-0195-4_125
Koenig, H. (2013). Spirituality in patient care: Why, how, when and what. Templeton Foundation Press.
Kvarfordt, C., & Sheridan, M. (2010). Predicting the Use of Spiritually-based Interventions with children and adolescents: Implications for social work practice. Currents: New Scholarship in the Human Services, 9(1), 1-30.
Lucca Irizarry, N., & Berríos Rivera, R. (2003). Investigación cualitativa en educación y las ciencias sociales. Publicaciones Puertorriqueñas.
Madge, N., & Hemming, P. (2017). Young Britich religious ‘nones’: Findings from the Youth on religious study. Journal of Youth Studies, 20(7), 872-888.65
Mahoney, A., Pargament, K., Murray-Swank, A., & Murray- Swank, N. (2003). Religion and the sanctification of family relationships. Review of Religious Research, 44(3), 220-236.
Manning, C. (2015). Losing our religion: How unaffiliated parents are raising their children. NYU Press.
McGowen, D. (2007). Introduction. En D. McGowen, (Ed.), Parenting beyond belief: On raising ethical, caring kids without religion. AMACOM.
Miller, L. (2015, October 1). What does it mean to raise a spiritual child?. Radio broadcast WBUR. https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2015/10/01/spiritual-children-lisa-miller
Moore, K., Talwar, V., & Gomez- Garibello, C. (2019). Children’s spirituality: Exploring spirituality in the lives of cancer survivors and healthy comparison group. Journal of Health Psychology. Doi:10.1177/1359105317737605.
Moore, K., Talwar, V., & Moxley- Haegert, L. (2015). Definitional ceremonies: Narrative practices for psychologists to inform interdisciplinary teams’ understanding of children’s spirituality in pediatric settings. Journal of Health Psychology, 20(3), 259-272.
Pargament, K., & Rye, M. (1998). Forgiveness as a method of religious coping. En E. Worthington Jr., (Ed.), Dimensions of forgiveness: Psychological research & theological perspectives (pp. 59-79). Templeton Foundation Press.
Pargament, K. (2007). The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, and practice. The Guilford Press.
Pargament, K. (2007). Spiritually integrated psychotherapy: Understanding and addressing the sacred. The Guilford Press.
Pendleton, ., Cavalli, K., Pargament, K., & Nasr, S. (2002). Religious/ spiritual coping in childhood cystic fibrosis: A qualitative study. Pediatrics, 109(1). https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/109/1/e8.full
Richert, R., & Granqvist, P. (2013). Religious and spiritual development in childhood. En R. Paloutzian, & C. Park, (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality, 2, 165-182. The Guilford Press.
Sasso, S. (2018). Children’s spirituality: An interview. Spirituality & practice resources for spiritual journey. https://www.spiritualityandpractice.com/books/features/view/15228/childrens-spirituality
Scott, D. (2003). Spirituality in child and youth care: Considering spiritual development and “relational consciousness”. Child & Youth Care Forum, 32(2), 117-130.